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Tensions over freshwater use and management in international river basins are one of the main concerns in political relations. They may exacerbate existing tensions, increase regional instability and social unrest. Hydro-political interactions are here defined as episodes of cooperation or conflict between countries over transboundary water resources. The probability index presented in this map is based on past hydro-political issues in international river basins and a selection of biophysical and socioeconomic indicators (for the period 1997-2012). Areas are more (red) or less (blue) likely

Estimated number of jobs created directly related to the deployment of PV mini-grids. The indicator was calculated using data on the total MWh of electricity output anticipated if the total number of potential mini-grids were established within each country and the employment factors come from OECD. If the estimated number of jobs created is high, it means that PV mini-grids have a large potential both in terms of deployment and social development.

Percentage of women who worked in the 12 months preceding the survey and are working currently. A lower score reflects weaker female emancipation within the labour market, and thus a higher potential impact of electricity access for improving women empowerment.

Raw materials are essential for the sustainable functioning of modern societies and their industries. The European Commission's Raw Materials Information System (RMIS) is developed by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) in cooperation with the DG for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs (GROWTH). The RMIS is the Commission’s reference web-based knowledge platform on non-fuel, non-agricultural raw materials from primary and secondary sources. From gold to natural rubber, including cobalt, cooking coal, construction aggregates (sand, gravel...) and many more, it focuses on both

Raw materials are essential for the sustainable functioning of modern societies and their industries. The European Commission's Raw Materials Information System (RMIS) is developed by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) in cooperation with the DG for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs (GROWTH). The RMIS is the Commission’s reference web-based knowledge platform on non-fuel, non-agricultural raw materials from primary and secondary sources. From gold to natural rubber, including cobalt, cooking coal, construction aggregates (sand, gravel...) and many more, it focuses on both

This indicator measures the availability of natural and cultural resources. Some industries, such as tourism, real estate and education, can depend highly on the presence of touristic valuable land or seascapes or specific sites. Tourism is an engine for jobs and investment. The degradation or loss of key attractive features in an area can negatively impact companies that rely on them. The Travel and Tourism Demand Drivers subindex of WEF’s Travel & Tourism Development Index 2021 Edition captures the principal “reasons to travel”. For this analysis, natural resource indicators and cultural

Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana are the main largest producers of cocoa in the world. However, the cultivation of this crop has led to the loss of vast tracts of forest areas in both countries. Efficient and accurate methods for remotely identifying cocoa farms are essential for the implementation of sustainable cocoa practices and the periodic and effective monitoring of forests. This map, generated using Random Forest image classification, shows the 2019 distribution of cocoa farms in both countries. The estimated area for cocoa is 4.8Mha for Cote d'Ivoire and 2.3Mha for Ghana.

Substantial crop losses occur at various stages along the postharvest value chain. Losses result from poor handling and storage practices combined with limited awareness, infrastructure, and knowledge. The African Postharvest Losses Information System (APHLIS) (www.aphlis.net) is the foremost international effort to collect, analyse and disseminate data on postharvest losses of cereal grains in sub-Saharan Africa. The cumulative % loss in weight incurred during harvesting, drying, threshing/shelling, winnowing, household-level storage, transport and market-level storage for the selected crop

By detecting areas where agricultural production deficits might occur, it is possible to prevent food security crises and anticipate response planning. To do this, we need accurate and reliable information on agricultural land cover. This layer shows the extent of rangeland in Africa. Each pixel represents the fraction of the area covered by rangeland (i.e. the percentage of the pixel with rangeland).

By detecting areas where agricultural production deficits might occur, it is possible to prevent food security crises and anticipate response planning. To do this, we need accurate and reliable information on agricultural land cover. This layer shows the extent of cropland in Africa. Each pixel represents the fraction of the area covered by cropland (i.e. the percentage of the pixel with crops).

This indicator measures forest canopy loss. Land- and sea-use change is the major human influence on habitats. Habitat loss is one of the biggest threats to biodiversity and is the number one reason species go extinct. Around half of the world's original forests have disappeared, and they are still being removed at a rate 10x higher than any possible level of regrowth. As tropical forests contain at least half the Earth's species, the clearance of some 17 million hectares each year is a dramatic loss. Hansen et al. (2021) examined global Landsat data at a 30-metre spatial resolution to

Understanding why and where humanitarian disasters are likely to occur is a fundamental step in saving lives and promoting sustainable development. The coping capacity dimension of the INFORM Risk Index (global risk assessment for humanitarian crises and disasters) measures the ability of a country to cope with disasters in terms of organized activities, infrastructure and governmental effort. The governance indicator presented in this layer captures the effectiveness of the governments’ effort for building resilience across all sectors of society as well as the level of misuse of political

Understanding why and where humanitarian disasters are likely to occur is a fundamental step in saving lives and promoting sustainable development. The coping capacity dimension of the INFORM Risk Index (global risk assessment for humanitarian crises and disasters) measures the ability of a country to cope with disasters in terms of organized activities, infrastructure and governmental effort. In particular, the institutional category presented in this layer covers the existence of Disaster Risk Reduction (DDR) programmes, which address mostly mitigation and preparedness, and the effectiveness

Most conflicts initially start out as very local phenomena. Monitoring political violence events at local-level can help anticipate the escalation of conflicts within states, recognise signs of crisis development and determine likely conflict trajectories. The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) collects reported information on internal political conflict disaggregated by date, location and actors to facilitate local and scale-dependant research on war patterns and processes. This layer shows all political violence and protest events recorded by ACLED in Africa for the period

Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc.